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[caption id="attachment_2468" align="aligncenter" width="685" caption="Helmet crash zones. Source: Dietmar Otte, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Lithium Carbonate online cod, Abteilung Verkehrsunfallforschung, Germany"]
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Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of Countermeasures
The "Hurt" Study
Motorcycle Accident Cause Factors and Identification of
Countermeasures, Volume 1: Technical Report, Hurt, online buying Lithium Carbonate hcl, H.H., Ouellet, Lithium Carbonate cost, J.V. Buy Lithium Carbonate Without Prescription, and Thom, D.R., Traffic Safety Center, University of Southern California,
Los Angeles, California 90007, Contract No. DOT HS-5-01160, January 1981
(Final Report)
The Hurt study, published in 1981, Lithium Carbonate reviews, was a ground-breaking report on the causes
and effects of motorcycle accidents. Although more than 15 years old at this
time, Purchase Lithium Carbonate, the study still offers riders insight into the statistics regarding
motorcycle accidents and tips on safer riding.
With funds from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, researcher Harry Hurt (from which the study gets its common name) of the University of Southern California,
investigated almost every aspect of 900 motorcycle accidents in the Los Angeles
area, buy Lithium Carbonate online no prescription. Additionally, Hurt and his staff analyzed 3, Lithium Carbonate coupon, 600 motorcycle traffic
accident reports in the same geographic area.
This is the same study that is frequently quoted in the MSF rider safety
courses.
A complete non-summarized version of this document is available
from the National Technical Information Service (NTIS) by ordering document
number PB81-206443/LL, Buy Lithium Carbonate Without Prescription. The cost is $84.00 each per document plus $5.00 handling
per order. For more information, call the NTIS Sales Desk at 1-800-553-NTIS or
1-703-605-6000.
Summary of Findings
Throughout the accident and exposure data there are special
observations which relate to accident and injury causation and characteristics
of the motorcycle accidents studied, online buying Lithium Carbonate. These findings are summarized as follows:
Approximately three-fourths of these motorcycle accidents involved
collision with another vehicle, which was most usually a passenger
automobile. Lithium Carbonate no rx,
Approximately one-fourth of these motorcycle accidents were single vehicle
accidents involving the motorcycle colliding with the roadway or some fixed
object in the environment.
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Buy Lithium Carbonate Without Prescription, Vehicle failure accounted for less than 3% of these motorcycle accidents,
and most of those were single vehicle accidents where control was lost due
to a puncture flat.
In the single vehicle accidents, motorcycle rider error was present as the
accident precipitating factor in about two-thirds of the cases, with the
typical error being a slide-out and fall due to over-braking or running wide
on a curve due to excess speed or under-cornering, Lithium Carbonate description.
Roadway defects (pavement ridges, potholes, Lithium Carbonate brand name, etc.) were the accident cause
in 2% of the accidents; animal involvement was 1% of the accidents.
In the multiple vehicle accidents, the driver of the other vehicle
violated the motorcycle right-of-way and caused the accident in two-thirds
of those accidents.
The failure of motorists to detect and recognize motorcycles in traffic is
the predominating cause of motorcycle accidents, what is Lithium Carbonate. The driver of the other
vehicle involved in collision with the motorcycle did not see the motorcycle
before the collision, or did not see the motorcycle until too late to avoid
the collision, Buy Lithium Carbonate Without Prescription.
Deliberate hostile action by a motorist against a motorcycle rider is a
rare accident cause. The most frequent accident configuration is the
motorcycle proceeding straight then the automobile makes a left turn in
front of the oncoming motorcycle. Lithium Carbonate pictures,-
Intersections are the most likely place for the motorcycle accident, with
the other vehicle violating the motorcycle right-of-way, and often violating
traffic controls.
Weather is not a factor in 98% of motorcycle accidents, Lithium Carbonate from canadian pharmacy.
Buy Lithium Carbonate Without Prescription, Most motorcycle accidents involve a short trip associated with shopping,
errands, friends, entertainment or recreation, and the accident is likely to
happen in a very short time close to the trip origin.
The view of the motorcycle or the other vehicle involved in the accident
is limited by glare or obstructed by other vehicles in almost half of the
multiple vehicle accidents.
Conspicuity of the motorcycle is a critical factor in the multiple vehicle
accidents, Lithium Carbonate alternatives, and accident involvement is significantly reduced by the use of
motorcycle headlamps (on in daylight) and the wearing of high visibility
yellow, orange or bright red jackets.
Fuel system leaks and spills were present in 62% of the motorcycle
accidents in the post-crash phase. This represents an undue hazard for fire, no prescription Lithium Carbonate online.
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The median pre-crash speed was 29.8 mph, and the median crash speed was
21.5 mph, and the one-in-a-thousand crash speed is approximately 86 mph, Buy Lithium Carbonate Without Prescription.
The typical motorcycle pre-crash lines-of-sight to the traffic hazard
portray no contribution of the limits of peripheral vision; more than
three-fourths of all accident hazards are within 45deg of either side of
straight ahead.
Conspicuity of the motorcycle is most critical for the frontal surfaces of
the motorcycle and rider. Lithium Carbonate canada, mexico, india,
Vehicle defects related to accident causation are rare and likely to be
due to deficient or defective maintenance.
Motorcycle riders between the ages of 16 and 24 are significantly
overrepresented in accidents; motorcycle riders between the ages of 30 and
50 are significantly underrepresented. Buy Lithium Carbonate Without Prescription, Although the majority of the
accident-involved motorcycle riders are male (96%), the female motorcycles
riders are significantly overrepresented in the accident data.
Craftsmen, laborers, buy cheap Lithium Carbonate no rx, and students comprise most of the accident-involved
motorcycle riders. Professionals, Discount Lithium Carbonate, sales workers, and craftsmen are
underrepresented and laborers, students and unemployed are overrepresented
in the accidents.
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Motorcycle riders with previous recent traffic citations and accidents are
overrepresented in the accident data, buy no prescription Lithium Carbonate online.
The motorcycle riders involved in accidents are essentially without
training; 92% were self-taught or learned from family or friends. Motorcycle
rider training experience reduces accident involvement and is related to
reduced injuries in the event of accidents, Buy Lithium Carbonate Without Prescription.
More than half of the accident-involved motorcycle riders had less than 5
months experience on the accident motorcycle, Lithium Carbonate recreational, although the total street
riding experience was almost 3 years. Motorcycle riders with dirt bike
experience are significantly underrepresented in the accident data.
Lack of attention to the driving task is a common factor for the
motorcyclist in an accident.
Almost half of the fatal accidents show alcohol involvement, buy Lithium Carbonate from canada.
Buy Lithium Carbonate Without Prescription, Motorcycle riders in these accidents showed significant collision
avoidance problems. Most riders would over-brake and skid the rear wheel, and
under-brake the front wheel greatly reducing collision avoidance
deceleration. Online Lithium Carbonate without a prescription, The ability to countersteer and swerve was essentially absent.
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The typical motorcycle accident allows the motorcyclist just less than 2
seconds to complete all collision avoidance action.
Passenger-carrying motorcycles are not overrepresented in the accident
area.
The driver of the other vehicles involved in collision with the motorcycle
are not distinguished from other accident populations except that the ages
of 20 to 29, and beyond 65 are overrepresented, Buy Lithium Carbonate Without Prescription. Also, Lithium Carbonate price, coupon, these drivers are
generally unfamiliar with motorcycles.
The large displacement motorcycles are underrepresented in accidents but
they are associated with higher injury severity when involved in accidents. Buy cheap Lithium Carbonate,
Any effect of motorcycle color on accident involvement is not determinable
from these data, but is expected to be insignificant because the frontal
surfaces are most often presented to the other vehicle involved in the
collision.
Motorcycles equipped with fairings and windshields are underrepresented in
accidents, most likely because of the contribution to conspicuity and the
association with more experienced and trained riders, taking Lithium Carbonate.
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Buy Lithium Carbonate Without Prescription, Motorcycle riders in these accidents were significantly without motorcycle
license, without any license, or with license revoked.
Motorcycle modifications such as those associated with the semi-chopper or
cafe racer are definitely overrepresented in accidents.
The likelihood of injury is extremely high in these motorcycle
accidents-98% of the multiple vehicle collisions and 96% of the single
vehicle accidents resulted in some kind of injury to the motorcycle rider;
45% resulted in more than a minor injury. Lithium Carbonate mg,
Half of the injuries to the somatic regions were to the ankle-foot, lower
leg, knee, and thigh-upper leg, buy generic Lithium Carbonate.
Crash bars are not an effective injury countermeasure; the reduction of
injury to the ankle-foot is balanced by increase of injury to the
thigh-upper leg, knee, Lithium Carbonate natural, and lower leg.
The use of heavy boots, jacket, gloves, etc., is effective in preventing
or reducing abrasions and lacerations, which are frequent but rarely severe
injuries, Buy Lithium Carbonate Without Prescription.
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Groin injuries were sustained by the motorcyclist in at least 13% of the
accidents, which typified by multiple vehicle collision in frontal impact at
higher than average speed.
Injury severity increases with speed, herbal Lithium Carbonate, alcohol involvement and motorcycle
size.
Seventy-three percent of the accident-involved motorcycle riders used no
eye protection, Lithium Carbonate without a prescription, and it is likely that the wind on the unprotected eyes
contributed in impairment of vision which delayed hazard detection.
Approximately 50% of the motorcycle riders in traffic were using safety
helmets but only 40% of the accident-involved motorcycle riders were wearing
helmets at the time of the accident.
Buy Lithium Carbonate Without Prescription, Voluntary safety helmet use by those accident-involved motorcycle riders
was lowest for untrained, uneducated, young motorcycle riders on hot days
and short trips.
The most deadly injuries to the accident victims were injuries to the
chest and head.
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The use of the safety helmet is the single critical factor in the
prevention of reduction of head injury; the safety helmet which complies
with FMVSS 218 is a significantly effective injury countermeasure, Lithium Carbonate without prescription.
Safety helmet use caused no attenuation of critical traffic sounds, no
limitation of precrash visual field, Rx free Lithium Carbonate, and no fatigue or loss of attention; no
element of accident causation was related to helmet use.
FMVSS 218 provides a high level of protection in traffic accidents, and
needs modification only to increase coverage at the back of the head and
demonstrate impact protection of the front of full facial coverage helmets,
and insure all adult sizes for traffic use are covered by the standard, Lithium Carbonate schedule.
Helmeted riders and passengers showed significantly lower head and neck
injury for all types of injury, at all levels of injury severity, Buy Lithium Carbonate Without Prescription.
The increased coverage of the full facial coverage helmet increases
protection, and significantly reduces face injuries.
There is not liability for neck injury by wearing a safety helmet;
helmeted riders had less neck injuries than unhelmeted riders. Only four
minor injuries were attributable to helmet use, and in each case the helmet
prevented possible critical or fatal head injury.
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Sixty percent of the motorcyclists were not wearing safety helmets at the
time of the accident. Of this group, 26% said they did not wear helmets
because they were uncomfortable and inconvenient, and 53% simply had no
expectation of accident involvement.
Valid motorcycle exposure data can be obtained only from collection at the
traffic site. Motor vehicle or driver license data presents information
which is completely unrelated to actual use.
Less than 10% of the motorcycle riders involved in these accidents had
insurance of any kind to provide medical care or replace property.
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